Fuel for use in fuel cell system

ABSTRACT

A fuel for a fuel cell system comprises wherein said fuel has distillation properties, the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T 10 ) of 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T 90 ) of 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower. The fuel for a fuel cell system has a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO 2  emission, a low fuel consumption, a small evaporative gas (evapo-emission), small deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, good handling properties in view of storage stability and inflammability, and a low preheating heat quantity.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to a fuel to be used for a fuel cell system.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] Recently, with increasing awareness of the critical situation of future global environments, it has been highly expected to develop an energy supply system harmless to the global environments. Especially urgently required are to reduce CO₂ to prevent global warming and reduce harmful emissions such as THC (unreacted hydrocarbons in an exhaust gas), NO_(X), PM (particulate matter in an exhaust gas: soot, unburned high boiling point and high molecular weight fuel and lubricating oil). Practical examples of such a system are an automotive power system to replace a conventional Otto/Diesel engine and a power generation system to replace thermal power generation.

[0003] Hence, a fuel cell, which has high energy efficiency and emits only H₂O and CO₂, has been regarded as a most expectative system to response to respond to social requests. In order to achieve such a system, it is necessary to develop not only the hardware but also the optimum fuel.

[0004] Conventionally, as a fuel for a fuel cell system, hydrogen, methanol, and hydrocarbons have been candidates.

[0005] As a fuel for a fuel cell system, hydrogen is advantageous in a point that it does not require a reformer, however, because of a gas phase at a normal temperature, it has difficulties in storage and loading in a vehicle and special facilities are required for its supply. Further, the risk of inflammation is high and therefore, it has to be handled carefully.

[0006] On the other hand, methanol is advantageous in a point that it is relatively easy to reform, however power generation quantity per weight is low and owing to its toxicity, handling has to be careful. Further, it has a corrosive property, special facilities are required for its storage and supply.

[0007] Like this, a fuel to sufficiently utilize the performances of a fuel cell system has not yet been developed. Especially, as a fuel for a fuel cell system, the following are required: power generation quantity per weight is high; power generation quantity per CO₂ emission is high; a fuel consumption is low in a fuel cell system as a whole; an evaporative gas (evapo-emission) is a little; deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide conversion catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like is scarce to keep the initial performances for a long duration; a starting time for the system is short; and storage stability and handling easiness are excellent.

[0008] Incidentally, in a fuel cell system, it is required to keep a fuel and a reforming catalyst at a proper temperature, the net power generation quantity of the entire fuel cell system is equivalent to the value calculated by subtracting the energy necessary for keeping the temperature (the energy for keeping balance endothermic and exothermic reaction following the preheating energy) from the actual power generation quantity. Consequently, if the temperature for the reforming is lower, the energy for preheating is low and that is therefore advantageous and further the system starting time is advantageously shortened. In addition, it is also necessary that the energy for preheating per fuel weight is low. If the preheating is insufficient, unreacted hydrocarbon (THC) in an exhaust gas increases and it results in not only decrease of the power generation quantity per weight but also possibility of becoming causes of air pollution. To say conversely, when some kind of fuels are reformed by the same reformer and the same temperature, it is more advantageous that THC in an exhaust gas is lower and the conversion efficiency to hydrogen is higher.

[0009] The present invention, taking such situation into consideration, aims to provide a fuel suitable for a fuel cell system satisfying the above-described requirements in good balance.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Inventors of the present invention have extensively investigated to solve the above-described problems and found that a fuel comprising hydrocarbon compounds with specific distillation properties is suitable for a fuel cell system.

[0011] That is, the fuel for a fuel cell system according to the present invention comprises:

[0012] (1) hydrocarbon compounds with distillation properties, the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T₁₀) of 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T₉₀) of 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower.

[0013] The fuel comprising hydrocarbon compounds with the above-described distillation properties is preferable to satisfy the following additional requirements;

[0014] (2) a content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 4 is 15 vol. % or less, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 5 is 5 vol. % or more, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 6 is 10 vol. % or more, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 7 and 8 in total is 20 vol. % or more, and a content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 10 or more is 20 vol. % or less;

[0015] (3) a sulfur content is 50 ppm by mass or less;

[0016] (4) saturates are 30 vol. % or more;

[0017] (5) olefins are 35 vol. % or less;

[0018] (6) aromatics are 50 vol. % or less;

[0019] (7) a ratio of paraffins in saturates is 60 vol. % or more;

[0020] (8) a ratio of branched paraffins in paraffins is 30 vol. % or more;

[0021] (9) heat capacity of the fuel is 2.6 kJ/kg° C. or less at 15° C. and 1 atm in liquid phase;

[0022] (10) heat of vaporization is 400 kJ/kg or less;

[0023] (11) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is 10 kPa or more and less than 100 kPa;

[0024] (12) research octane number (RON, the octane number by research method) is 101.0 or less;

[0025] (13) oxidation stability is 240 minutes or longer; and

[0026] (14) density is 0.78 g/cm³ or less.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027]FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a steam reforming type fuel cell system employed for evaluation of a fuel for a fuel cell system of the invention.

[0028]FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a partial oxidation type fuel cell system employed for evaluation of a fuel for a fuel cell system of the invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0029] Hereinafter, the contents of the invention will be described further in detail.

[0030] In the present invention, the hydrocarbon with specific distillation properties is as follows.

[0031] The fuel for a fuel cell system of the invention has initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, preferably 27° C. or higher, and more preferably 30° C. or higher. The 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T₁₀) is 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, preferably 40° C. or higher, and more preferably 45° C. or higher. The 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T₉₀) is 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower and preferably 170° C. or lower. The final boiling point in distillation is 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower and preferably 200° C. or lower.

[0032] If the initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation is low, the fuel is highly inflammable and an evaporative gas (THC) is easy to be generated and there is a problem to handle the fuel. Similarly regarding to the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T₁₀), if it is less than the above-described restricted value, the fuel is highly inflammable and an evaporative gas (THC) is easy to be generated and there is a problem to handle the fuel.

[0033] On the other hand, the upper limit values of the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T₉₀) and the final boiling point in distillation are determined in view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, a low THC in an exhaust gas, short starting time of a system, small deterioration of a reforming catalyst to retain the initial properties, and the like.

[0034] Further, the 30 vol. % distillation temperature (T₃₀), 50 vol. % distillation temperature (T₅₀), and 70 vol. % distillation temperature (T₇₀) of the fuel of the invention are not particularly restricted, however, the 30 vol. % distillation temperature (T₃₀) is preferably 50° C. or higher and 100° C. or lower, the 50 vol. % distillation temperature (T₅₀) is preferably 60° C. or higher and 120° C. or lower, and the 70 vol. % distillation temperature (T₇₀) is 80° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.

[0035] Incidentally, the above-described initial boiling point (initial boiling point 0) in distillation, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature (T₁₀), the 30 vol. % distillation temperature (T₃₀), the 50 vol. % distillation temperature (T₅₀), the 70 vol. % distillation temperature (T₇₀), the 90 vol. % distillation temperature (T₉₀), and the final boiling point in distillation are distillation properties measured by JIS K 2254, “Petroleum products-Determination of distillation characteristics”.

[0036] Further, the amounts of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 4, 5 and 6 of the invention are not particularly restricted, however, the following compounds are preferable.

[0037] The content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 4 (V (C₄)) shows the content of hydrocarbon compounds having 4 carbon atoms on the bases of the whole fuel and is required to be 15 vol. % or less since the evaporative gas (evapo-emission) can be suppressed to low and the handling property is good in view of inflammability or the like and preferably 10 vol. % or less and most preferably 5 vol. % or less.

[0038] The content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 5 (V (C₅)) shows the content of hydrocarbon compounds having 5 carbon atoms on the bases of the whole fuel and is required to be 5 vol. % or more in view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, and a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole and preferably 10 vol. % or more, more preferably 15 vol. % or more, further more preferably 20 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 25 vol. % or more, and most preferably 30 vol. % or more.

[0039] The content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 6 (V (C₆)) shows the content of hydrocarbon compounds having 6 carbon atoms on the bases of the whole fuel and is required to be 10 vol. % or more in view of a high power generation quantity and a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole and preferably 15 vol. % or more, more preferably 20 vol. % or more, further more preferably 25 vol. % or more, and most preferably 30 vol. % or more.

[0040] The content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 7 and 8 (V (C₇+C₈)) in total shows the content of hydrocarbon compounds having 7 carbon atoms and 8 carbon atoms in total on the bases of the whole fuel and is required to be 20 vol. % or more in view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, and a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole and preferably 25 vol. % or more, more preferably 35 vol. % or more, and most preferably 40 vol. % or more.

[0041] Further, in the invention, the content of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers of 10 or more is not particularly restricted, however, in view of a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, and small deterioration of a reforming catalyst to maintain initial performances for a long duration, the total content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 10 or more (V (C₁₀₊)) on the bases of the whole fuel is preferably 20 vol. % or less, more preferably 15 vol. % or less, further more preferably 10 vol. % or less, and most preferably 5 vol. % or less.

[0042] Incidentally, the above-described V (C₄), V (C₅), V (C₆), V (C₇+C₈), and V (C₁₀₊) are values quantitatively measured by the following gas chromatography. That is, these values are measured in conditions: employing capillary columns of methyl silicon for columns; using helium or nitrogen as a carrier gas; employing a hydrogen ionization detector (FID) as a detector; the column length of 25 to 50 m; the carrier gas flow rate of 0.5 to 1.5 ml/min, the split ratio of (1:50) to (1:250); the injection inlet temperature of 150 to 250° C.; the initial column temperature of −10 to 10° C.; the final column temperature of 150 to 250° C., and the detector temperature of 150 to 250° C.

[0043] Further, the content of sulfur in a fuel of the invention is not particularly restricted, however, because deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, a water gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks, and the like can be suppressed to low and the initial performances can be maintained for a long duration, the content is preferably 50 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 30 ppm by mass or less, further more preferably 10 ppm by mass or less, much further more preferably 1 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 0.1 ppm by mass or less.

[0044] Here, sulfur means sulfur measured by JIS K 2541, “Crude Oil and Petroleum Products-Determination of sulfur content”, in case of 1 ppm by mass or more and means sulfur measured by ASTM D4045-96, “Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Hydrogenolysis and Rateometric Colorimetry” in the case of less than 1 ppm by mass.

[0045] In the invention, the respective contents of saturates, olefins and aromatics are not particularly restricted, however, the saturates (V (S)), olefins (V (O)) and aromatics (V (Ar)) are preferably 30 vol. % or more, 35 vol. % or less, and 50 vol. % or less, respectively. Hereinafter, these compounds will separately be described.

[0046] In view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, small THC in an exhaust gas, and a short starting time of the system, V (S) is preferably 30 vol. % or more, more preferably 40 vol. % or more, further more preferably 50 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 60 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 70 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 80 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 90 vol. % or more, and most preferably 95 vol. % or more.

[0047] In view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, small deterioration of a reforming catalyst to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, and a good storage stability, V (O) is preferably 35 vol. % or less, more preferably 25 vol. % or less, further more preferably 20 vol. % or less, much further more preferably 15 vol. % or less, and most preferably 10 vol. % or less.

[0048] In view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, small THC in an exhaust gas, a short starting time of the system, and small deterioration of a reforming catalyst to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, V (Ar) is preferably 50 vol. % or less, more preferably 45 vol. % or less, further more preferably 40 vol. % or less, much further more preferably 35 vol. % or less, much further more preferably 30 vol. % or less, much further more preferably 20 vol. % or less, much further more preferably 10 vol. % or less, and most preferably 5 vol. % or less.

[0049] Further, it is most preferable to satisfy the above-described preferable ranges of sulfur and the above-described preferable ranges for the aromatics since deterioration of a reforming catalyst can be suppressed to low and the initial performances can be maintained for a long duration.

[0050] The values of the above-described V (S), V (O), and V (Ar) are all measured value according to the fluorescent indicator adsorption method of JIS K 2536, “Liquid petroleum products-Testing method of components”.

[0051] Further, in the invention, the ratio of paraffins in saturates of a fuel is not particularly restricted, however, in view of a high H₂ generation quantity, a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission and the like, the ratio of paraffins in saturates is preferably 60 vol. % or more, more preferably 65 vol. % or more, further more preferably 70 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 80 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 85 vol. % or more, much further more preferably 90 vol. % or more, and most preferably 95 vol. % or more.

[0052] The above-described saturates and paraffins are values quantitatively measured by the following gas chromatography. That is, the values are measured in conditions: employing capillary columns of methyl silicon for columns; using helium or nitrogen as a carrier gas; a hydrogen ionization detector (FID) as a detector; the column length of 25 to 50 m; the carrier gas flow rate of 0.5 to 1.5 ml/min, the split ratio of (1:50) to (1:250); the injection inlet temperature of 150 to 250° C.; the initial column temperature of −10 to 10° C.; the final column temperature of 150 to 250° C., and the detector temperature of 150 to 250° C.

[0053] Further, the ratio of branched paraffins in the above-described paraffins is not particularly restricted, however, the ratio of branched paraffins in the paraffins is preferably 30 vol. % or more, more preferably 50 vol. % or more, and most preferably 70 vol. % or more in view of a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO₂ emission, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, small THC in an exhaust gas, and a short starting time of the system.

[0054] The amounts of the above-described paraffins and branched paraffins are values quantitatively measured by the above-described gas chromatography.

[0055] Further, in the invention, the heat capacity of a fuel is not particularly restricted, however, the heat capacity is preferably 2.6 kJ/kg° C. or less at 15° C. and 1 atm in liquid phase in view of a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole.

[0056] Further, in the invention, the heat of vaporization of a fuel is not particularly restricted, the heat of vaporization is preferably 400 kJ/kg or less because of a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole.

[0057] Those heat capacity and heat of vaporization can be calculated from the contents of respective components quantitatively measured by the above-described gas chromatography and the numeric values per unit weight of the respective components disclosed in “Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining”, Vol. 1, Chap. 1, General Data, Table 1C1.

[0058] Further, in the invention, the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of a fuel is not particularly restricted, however, it is preferably 10 kPa or more in relation to the power generation quantity per weight and preferably less than 100 kPa in relation to suppression of the amount of an evaporative gas (evapo-emission). It is more preferably 20 kPa or more and less than 90 kPa, further more preferably 40 kPa or more and less than 75 kPa, and most preferably 40 kPa or more and less than 60 kPa. Here, the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) means the vapor pressure (Reid vapor pressure (RVP)) measured by JIS K 2258, “Testing Method for Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil and Products (Reid Method)”.

[0059] Further, in the invention, the research octane number (RON, the octane number by research method) is not particularly restricted, however, it is preferably 101.0 or less since deterioration of a reforming catalyst can be suppressed to low and the initial performances of a reforming catalyst can be maintained for a long duration owing to a high power generation quantity per weight, a low fuel consumption of a fuel cell system as a whole, small THC in an exhaust gas, and a short starting time of the system. Here, the octane number by research method (RON) means the research method octane number measured by JIS K 2280, “Petroleum products-Fuels-Determination of octane number, cetane number and calculation of cetane number index”.

[0060] Further, in the invention, the oxidation stability of a fuel is not particularly restricted, however, it is preferably 240 minutes or longer in view of storage stability. Here, the oxidation stability is the oxidation stability measured according to JIS K 2287, “Testing Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)”.

[0061] Further, in the invention, the density of a fuel is not particularly restricted, however, it is preferably 0.78 g/cm³ or less since deterioration of a reforming catalyst can be suppressed to low and the initial performances of a reforming catalyst can be maintained for a long duration owing to small THC in an exhaust gas and a short starting time of the system. Here, the density means the density measured according to JIS K 2249, “Crude petroleum and petroleum products-Determination of density and petroleum measurement tables based on a reference temperature (15° C.)”.

[0062] A production method of the fuel of the invention is not particularly restricted. Practical method is, for example, the fuel can be prepared by blending one or more following hydrocarbon base materials; light naphtha obtained by the atmospheric distillation of crude oil, heavy naphtha obtained by the atmospheric distillation of crude oil, desulfurized full-range naphtha B obtained by desulfurization of naphtha fraction obtained by distillation of crude oil, desulfurized light naphtha obtained by desulfurization of light naphtha, desulfurized heavy naphtha obtained by desulfurization of heavy naphtha, isomerate obtained by converting light naphtha into isoparaffins by an isomerization process, alkylate obtained by the addition reaction (alkylation) of low molecule weight olefins to hydrocarbons such as isobutane, desulfurized alkylate obtained by desulfurizing alkylate, low sulfur alkylate produced from desulfurized hydrocarbons such as isobutane and desulfurized low molecule weight olefins, reformate obtained by catalytic reforming, raffinate which is residue after extraction of aromatics from distillate of reformate, light distillate of reformate, middle to heavy distillate of reformate, heavy distillate of reformate, cracked gasoline obtained by catalytic cracking or hydrocracking process, light distillate of cracked gasoline, heavy diatillate-cracked gasoline, desulfurized cracked gasoline obtained by desulfurizing cracked gasoline, desulfurized light distillate of cracked gasoline obtained by desulfurizing light distillate of cracked gasoline, desulfurized heavy distillate of cracked gasoline obtained by desulfurizing heavy distillate of cracked gasoline, a light distillate of “GTL (Gas to Liquids)” obtained by F-T (Fischer-Tropsch) synthesis after cracking natural gas or the like to carbon monoxide and hydrogen, desulfurized LPG obtained by desulfurizing LPG, and the like. The fuel can also be produced by desulfurizing by hydrotreating or adsorption after mixing one or more types of the above base materials.

[0063] Among them, preferable materials as the base materials for the production of the fuel of the invention are light naphtha, desulfurized light naphtha, isomerate, desulfurized alkylates obtained by desulfurizing alkylates, low sulfur alkylates produced from desulfurized hydrocarbons such as isobutane and desulfurized low molecule weight olefins, desulfurized light distillate of cracked gasoline obtained by desulfurizing a light distillate of cracked gasoline, a light distillate of GTL, desulfurized LPG obtained by desulfurizing LPG, and the like.

[0064] A fuel for a fuel cell system of the invention may comprise additives such as dyes for identification, oxidation inhibitors for improvement of oxidation stability, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors for corrosion prevention, detergents for keeping cleanness of a fuel system, lubricity improvers for improvement of lubricating property and the like.

[0065] However, since a reforming catalyst is to be scarcely deteriorated and the initial performances are to be maintained for a long duration, the amount of dyes is preferably 10 ppm or less and more preferably 5 ppm or less. For the same reasons, the amount of oxidation inhibitors is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 200 ppm or less, further more preferably 100 ppm or less, and most preferably 10 ppm or less. For the same reasons, the amount of metal deactivators is preferably 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less, further more preferably 10 ppm or less, and most preferably 5 ppm or less. Further, similarly since a reforming catalyst is to be scarcely deteriorated and the initial performances are to be maintained for a long duration, the amount of corrosion inhibitors is preferably 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less, further more preferably 10 ppm or less, and most preferably 5 ppm or less. For the same reasons, the amount of detergents is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 200 ppm or less, and most preferably 100 ppm or less. For the same reasons, the amount of lubricity improvers is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 200 ppm or less, and most preferably 100 ppm or less.

[0066] A fuel of the invention is to be employed as a fuel for a fuel cell system. A fuel cell system mentioned herein comprises a reformer for a fuel, a carbon monoxide conversion apparatus, fuel cells and the like, however, a fuel of the invention may be suitable for any fuel cell system.

[0067] The reformer is an apparatus for obtaining hydrogen, by reforming a fuel. Practical examples of the reformer are:

[0068] (1) a steam reforming type reformer for obtaining products of mainly hydrogen by treating a heated and vaporized fuel and steam with a catalyst such as copper, nickel, platinum, ruthenium and the like;

[0069] (2) a partial oxidation type reformer for obtaining products of mainly hydrogen by treating a heated and vaporized fuel and air with or without a catalyst such as copper, nickel, platinum, ruthenium and the like; and

[0070] (3) an auto thermal reforming type reformer for obtaining products of mainly hydrogen by treating a heated and vaporized fuel, steam and air, which carries out the partial oxidation of (2) in the prior stage and carries out the steam type reforming of (1) in the posterior stage while using the generated heat of the partial oxidation reaction with a catalyst such as copper, nickel, platinum, ruthenium and the like.

[0071] The carbon monoxide conversion apparatus is an apparatus for removing carbon monoxide which is contained in a gas produced by the above-described reformer and becomes a catalyst poison in a fuel cell and practical examples thereof are:

[0072] (1) a water gas shift reactor for obtaining carbon dioxide and hydrogen as products from carbon monoxide and steam by reacting a reformed gas and steam in the presence of a catalyst of such as copper, nickel, platinum, ruthenium and the like; and

[0073] (2) a preferential oxidation reactor for converting carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide by reacting a reformed gas and compressed air in the presence of a catalyst of such as platinum, ruthenium and the like, and these are used singly or jointly.

[0074] As a fuel cell, practical examples are a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell (PEFC), a phosphoric acid type fuel cell (PAFC), a molten carbonate type fuel cell (MCFC), a solid oxide type fell cell (SOFC) and the like.

[0075] Further, the above-described fuel cell system can be employed for an electric automobile, a hybrid automobile comprising a conventional engine and electric power, a portable power source, a dispersion type power source, a power source for domestic use, a cogeneration system and the like.

EXAMPLES

[0076] The properties of base materials employed for the respective fuels for examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.

[0077] Also, the properties of the respective fuels employed for examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 4. TABLE 1 desulfurized desulfurized full-range full-range light naphtha naphtha distillate of distillate of *1 B *2 reformate *3 reformate *4 sulfur 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 hydrocarbon carbon number: C₄ vol. % 1.6 0.2 1.3 18.0 ratio carbon number: C₅ vol. % 12.5 9.5 9.1 49.9 carbon number: C₆ vol. % 19.7 22.5 18.9 31.9 carbon number: C₇ vol. % 20.9 22.3 28.3 0.2 carbon number: C₈ vol. % 24.3 24.4 32.2 0.0 carbon number: C₇ + C₈ vol. % 45.2 46.7 60.5 0.2 carbon number: C₉ vol. % 18.5 18.6 8.9 0.0 carbon number: C₁₀₊ vol. % 2.5 2.5 1.3 0.0 composition saturates vol. % 92.8 94.4 21.9 97.2 olefins vol. % 0.6 0.8 1.7 1.8 aromatics vol. % 6.6 4.8 76.4 1.1 paraffins in vol. % 85.5 87.3 98.1 99.0 saturates branched vol. % 44.4 45.0 63.7 62.9 paraffins in paraffins oxygen mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 distillation initial boiling point ° C. 35.0 42.0 30.5 22.0 10% point ° C. 55.0 59.5 59.0 26.0 30% point ° C. 73.5 75.5 91.5 32.5 50% point ° C. 91.5 92.0 110.5 40.5 70% point ° C. 112.5 111.5 126.5 47.5 90% point ° C. 134.5 135.0 145.5 54.0 final boiling ° C. 155.5 152.5 175.5 66.0 point heat capacity kJ/kg · 2.105 2.113 1.812 2.230 (liquid) ° C. heat capacity kJ/kg · 1.523 1.536 1.218 1.586 (gas) ° C. heat of kJ/kg 317.2 324.7 349.8 348.1 vaporization RVP kPa 66.9 58.6 62.5 127.5 research octane 63.4 60.1 101.5 78.2 number oxidation min. >1440 >1440 >1440 >1440 density g/cm³ 0.7085 0.7112 0.8055 0.6487 net heat of kJ/kg 44225 44267 41509 44974 combustion middle to heavy heavy distillate of distillate of sulfolane reformate *5 reformate *6 raffinate *7 sulfur 0.4 0.3 0.4 hydrocarbon carbon number: C₄ vol. % 0.0 0.0 0.7 ratio carbon number: C₅ vol. % 0.0 0.0 4.4 carbon number: C₆ vol. % 0.6 0.0 46.2 carbon number: C₇ vol. % 36.2 0.0 47.6 carbon number: C₈ vol. % 47.9 0.0 1.1 carbon number: C₇ + C₈ vol. % 84.1 0.0 48.7 carbon number: C₉ vol. % 13.3 68.3 0.0 carbon number: C₁₀₊ vol. % 2.0 31.7 0.0 composition saturates vol. % 4.5 0.4 95.5 olefins vol. % 0.1 0.0 4.4 aromatics vol. % 95.4 99.6 0.1 paraffins in vol. % 98.4 97.4 98.2 saturates branched vol. % 48.4 86.8 72.5 paraffins in paraffins oxygen mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 distillation initial boiling point ° C. 102.5 162.5 66.0 10% point ° C. 117.5 164.0 72.5 30% point ° C. 123.0 165.5 75.5 50% point ° C. 129.5 167.5 79.5 70% point ° C. 137.5 171.0 86.0 90% point ° C. 151.0 190.5 98.5 final boiling ° C. 191.5 270.0 126.0 point heat capacity kJ/kg · 1.715 1.699 2.155 (liquid) ° C. heat capacity kJ/kg · 1.172 1.238 1.573 (gas) ° C. heat of kJ/kg 344.4 309.6 318.8 vaporization RVP kPa 7.0 0.1 29.9 research octane 111.5 118.0 56.9 number oxidation stability min. >1440 >1440 >1440 density g/cm³ 0.8621 0.8883 0.6821 net heat of kJ/kg 41024 41250 44585 combustion

[0078] TABLE 2 desul- desul- furized furized cracked cracked cracked cracked cracked light light heavy gasoline gasoline gasoline gasoline gasoline alkylate *8 *9 *10 *11 *12 *13 sulfur 80 1 7 0.7 110 8 hydrocarbon carbon number: C₄ vol. % 7.3 7.6 13.4 13.2 0.0 8.6 ratio carbon number: C₅ vol. % 25.1 25.3 47.1 47.0 0.2 3.2 carbon number: C₆ vol. % 20.1 20.3 29.2 29.9 7.2 2.8 carbon number: C₇ vol. % 18.1 18.2 8.8 8.7 23.5 2.5 carbon number: C₈ vol. % 13.7 13.5 1.4 1.2 22.7 79.8 carbon number: C₇ + C₈ vol. % 31.8 31.7 10.2 9.9 46.2 82.3 carbon number: C₉ vol. % 11.4 11.1 0.0 0.0 21.3 1.1 carbon number: C₁₀₊ vol. % 4.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 25.1 2.0 composition saturates vol. % 47.2 53.3 45.0 46.5 33.0 99.8 olefins vol. % 39.4 33.4 53.7 52.3 39.2 0.1 aromatics vol. % 13.4 13.3 1.3 1.2 27.8 0.1 paraffins in saturates vol. % 85.6 88.2 93.5 94.0 76.4 100.0 branched paraffins in vol. % 88.6 88.3 86.1 86.3 88.5 91.3 paraffins oxygen mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 distillation initial boiling point ° C. 31.5 30.5 24.5 24.5 108.0 31.0 10% point ° C. 51.5 50.5 32.5 31.0 119.0 71.5 30% point ° C. 77.0 75.0 38.5 37.5 126.5 98.5 50% point ° C. 111.5 108.0 45.0 44.5 135.0 105.5 70% point ° C. 150.5 145.0 53.5 53.5 148.0 110.0 90% point ° C. 189.0 182.0 69.5 69.0 167.0 122.5 final boiling point ° C. 216.5 199.0 93.5 92.0 183.5 181.5 heat capacity kJ/kg · 2.063 2.096 2.159 2.167 1.946 2.071 (liquid) ° C. heat capacity (gas) kJ/kg · 1.464 1.485 1.519 1.523 1.389 1.590 ° C. heat of vaporization kJ/kg 333.2 330.5 353.2 352.7 311.2 289.8 RVP kPa 62.5 64.0 115.3 115.8 12.0 58.5 research octane 92.3 90.0 95.5 95.0 88.3 95.6 number oxidation stability min. 210 270 150 150 200 >1440 density G/cm³ 0.7388 0.7302 0.6601 0.6590 0.7798 0.6955 net heat of kJ/kg 43903 43827 44589 44555 42949 44488 combustion

[0079] TABLE 3 low desul- desul- sulfur furized GTL furized alkylate alkylate isomerate naphtha LPG *14 *15 *16 *17 LPG *18 sulfur 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 2 0.4 hydrocarbon carbon number: C₄ vol. % 8.4 8.5 2.4 2.1 97.9 98.0 ratio carbon number: C₅ vol. % 3.3 3.3 43.6 12.4 0.2 0.1 carbon number: C₆ vol. % 2.9 2.9 53.6 19.7 0.0 0.0 carbon number: C₇ vol. % 2.4 2.5 0.3 21.0 0.0 0.0 carbon number: C₈ vol. % 80.2 79.9 0.1 23.6 0.0 0.0 carbon number: C₇ + C₈ vol. % 82.6 82.4 0.4 44.6 0.0 0.0 carbon number: C₉ vol. % 0.9 0.9 0.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 carbon number: C₁₀₊ vol. % 1.9 1.9 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 composition saturates vol. % 99.7 99.8 99.9 100.0 99.4 99.5 olefins vol. % 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.5 aromatics vol. % 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 paraffins in saturates vol. % 100.0 100.0 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 branched paraffins in vol. % 91.4 91.4 83.5 53.5 34.6 34.6 paraffins oxygen mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 distillation initial boiling point ° C. 30.5 30.0 32.0 31.5 — — 10% point ° C. 71.0 71.0 40.5 47.5 — — 30% point ° C. 99.0 98.5 43.5 69.5 — — 50% point ° C. 105.0 106.0 46.5 92.5 — — 70% point ° C. 110.5 111.0 51.0 113.5 — — 90% point ° C. 121.5 122.0 58.5 129.5 — — final boiling point ° C. 177.0 180.0 70.0 150.5 — — heat kJ/kg · 2.071 2.075 2.197 2.167 2.368 2.369 capacity ° C. (liquid) heat kJ/kg · 1.594 1.590 1.582 1.590 1.628 1.628 capacity ° C. (gas) heat of kJ/kg 290.8 290.2 332.8 309.5 379.5 379.6 vaporization RVP kPa 59.5 59.0 91.0 72.3 338.0 339.0 research 95.4 95.4 81.8 51.5 95.0 95.0 octane number oxidation min. >1440 >1440 >1440 >1440 — — stability density g/cm³ 0.6951 0.6954 0.6475 0.6825 0.5778 0.5776 net heat of kJ/kg 44501 44480 44798 44576 45681 45689 combustion

[0080] TABLE 4 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. 1 2 3 4 Mixing ratio LPG 2% 2% desulfurized LPG desulfurized 100% full-range naphtha desulfurized full-range naphtha B GTL naphtha 100% isomerate 10% alkylate 10% 20% low sulfur alkylate desulfurized alkylate sulfolane 10% raffinate cracked 40% light gasoline cracked 5% heavy gasoline cracked 40% gasoline desulfurized cracked light gasoline desulfurized cracked gasoline distillate- 17% reformate light 3% 4% distillate- reformate middle to 30% heavy distillate- reformate heavy 3% 4% distillate- reformate Properties Sulfur ppm by 0.3 0.1 39.0 4.0 mass ratio by carbon number carbon vol. % 1.6 2.1 6.8 9.8 number: C₄ carbon vol. % 12.5 12.4 18.2 21.5 number: C₅ carbon vol. % 19.7 19.7 22.8 13.7 number: C₆ carbon vol. % 20.9 21.0 18.3 14.9 number: C₇ carbon vol. % 24.3 23.6 20.2 30.9 number: C₈ carbon vol. % 45.2 44.6 38.5 45.8 number: C₇ + C₈ carbon vol. % 18.5 17.7 9.3 6.9 number: C₉ carbon vol. % 2.5 3.5 4.3 2.3 number: C₁₀₊ Composition saturates vol. % 92.8 100.0 58.7 45.2 olefins vol. % 0.6 0.0 18.5 21.6 aromatics vol. % 6.6 0.0 22.8 33.2 paraffins in vol. % 85.5 100.0 94.0 97.3 saturates branched vol. % 44.4 53.5 80.5 83.0 paraffins in paraffins Density g/cm³ 0.7085 0.6825 0.7316 0.7348 Distillation properties initial ° C. 35.0 31.5 29.0 29.5 boiling point 10% point ° C. 55.0 47.5 43.5 48.0 30% point ° C. 73.5 69.5 66.5 70.5 50% point ° C. 91.5 92.5 89.0 93.0 70% point ° C. 112.5 113.5 116.0 109.0 90% point ° C. 134.5 129.5 153.0 133.5 final ° C. 155.5 150.5 180.5 179.0 boiling point Reid vapor kPa 67 72 73 73 pressure Research 63.4 51.5 90.1 99.7 octane number Oxidation min. 1440 or more 1440 or more 760 960 stability Net heat of kJ/kg 44230 44580 43560 43190 combustion Heat kJ/kg · 2.105 2.167 2.027 1.970 capacity ° C. (liquid) Heat kJ/kg · 1.523 1.590 1.444 1.401 capacity ° C. (gas) Heat of kJ/kg 317.2 309.5 329.9 336.2 vaporization Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. 5 6 7 1 Mixing ratio LPG desulfurized 2% 2% LPG desulfurized full-range naphtha desulfurized 100% full-range naphtha B GTL naphtha isomerate 10% alkylate low sulfur 10% 20% alkylate desulfurized alkylate sulfolane 10% raffinate cracked light gasoline cracked heavy gasoline cracked gasoline desulfurized 40% cracked light gasoline desulfurized 45% cracked gasoline distillate- 17% reformate light 3% 4% distillate- reformate middle to 30% 30% heavy distillate- reformate heavy 3% 4% 70% distillate- reformate Properties Sulfur ppm by 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 mass ratio by carbon number carbon vol. % 7.3 9.0 0.2 0.0 number: C₄ carbon vol. % 19.6 19.8 9.5 0.0 number: C₅ carbon vol. % 23.6 13.5 22.5 0.2 number: C₆ carbon vol. % 18.0 16.0 22.3 10.9 number: C₇ carbon vol. % 19.7 32.2 24.4 14.4 number: C₈ carbon vol.% 37.7 48.2 46.7 25.3 number: C₇ + C₈ carbon vol. % 8.6 7.3 18.6 51.8 number: C₉ carbon vol. % 3.2 2.3 2.5 22.8 number: C₁₀₊ Composition saturates vol. % 62.1 42.8 94.4 1.6 olefins vol. % 15.8 21.1 0.8 0.0 aromatics vol. % 22.0 36.2 4.8 98.3 paraffins in vol. % 94.7 97.3 87.3 98.2 saturates branched vol. % 80.9 84.6 45.0 54.8 paraffins in paraffins Density g/cm³ 0.7257 0.7406 0.7112 0.8804 Distillation properties initial ° C. 29.5 29.0 42.0 105.5 boiling point 10% point ° C. 42.0 47.5 59.5 123.0 30% point ° C. 66.0 70.0 75.5 140.5 50% point ° C. 86.5 92.0 92.0 165.5 70% point ° C. 113.0 109.0 111.5 178.5 90% point ° C. 146.5 133.0 135.0 192.5 final ° C. 179.0 176.0 152.5 260.5 boiling point Reid vapor kPa 75 73 59 1 pressure Research 90.8 99.8 60.1 110 octane or number more Oxidation min. 780 980 1440 or more 1440 stability or more Net heat of kJ/kg 43580 43040 44267 41180 combustion Heat kJ/kg · 2.048 1.957 2.113 1.704 capacity ° C. (liquid) Heat kJ/kg · 1.458 1.388 1.536 1.219 capacity ° C. (gas) Heat of kJ/kg 330.0 336.4 324.7 319.8 vaporization

[0081] These respective fuels were subjected to a fuel cell system evaluation test, an evaporative gas test, and a storage stability test.

[0082] Fuel Cell System Evaluation Test

[0083] (1) Steam Reforming

[0084] A fuel and water were evaporated by electric heating and led to a reformer filled with a noble metal type catalyst and kept at a prescribed temperature by an electric heater to generate a reformed gas enriched with hydrogen.

[0085] The temperature of the reformer was adjusted to be the minimum temperature (the minimum temperature at which no THC was contained in a reformed gas) at which reforming was completely carried out in an initial stage of the test.

[0086] Together with steam, a reformed gas was led to a carbon monoxide conversion apparatus (a water gas shift reaction) to convert carbon monoxide in the reformed gas to carbon dioxide and then the produced gas was led to a solid polymer type fuel cell to carry out power generation.

[0087] A flow chart of a steam reforming type fuel cell system employed for the evaluation was illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0088] (2) Partial Oxidation

[0089] A fuel is evaporated by electric heating and together with air, the evaporated fuel was led to a reformer filled with a noble metal type catalyst and kept at a 1100° C. by an electric heater to generate a reformed gas enriched with hydrogen.

[0090] Together with steam, a reformed gas was led to a carbon monoxide conversion apparatus (a water gas shift reaction) to convert carbon monoxide in the reformed gas to carbon dioxide and then the produced gas was led to a solid polymer type fuel cell to carry out power generation.

[0091] A flow chart of a partial oxidation type fuel cell system employed for the evaluation was illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0092] (3) Evaluation Method

[0093] The amounts of H₂, CO, CO₂ and THC in the reformed gas generated from a reformer were measured immediately after starting of the evaluation test. Similarly, the amounts of H₂, CO, CO₂ and THC in the reformed gas generated from a carbon monoxide conversion apparatus were measured immediately after starting of the evaluation test.

[0094] The power generation quantity, the fuel consumption, and the CO₂ amount emitted out of a fuel cell were measured immediately after starting of the evaluation test and 100 hours later from the starting.

[0095] The energy (preheating quantities) necessary to heat the respective fuels to a prescribed reforming temperature were calculated from the heat capacities and the heat of vaporization.

[0096] Further, these measured values, calculated values and the heating values of respective fuels were employed for calculation of the performance deterioration ratio of a reforming catalyst (the power generation amount after 100 hours later from the starting divided by the power generation amount immediately after the starting), the thermal efficiency (the power generation amount immediately after the starting divided by the net heat of combustion of a fuel), and the preheating energy ratio (preheating energy divided by the power generation amount).

[0097] Evaporative Gas Test

[0098] A hose for filling a sample was attached to a fuel supply port of a 20 liter portable gasoline can and the installation part was completely sealed. While an air venting valve of the can being opened, 5 liter of each fuel was loaded. On completion of the loading, the air venting valve was closed and the can was left still for 30 minutes. After the can being kept still, an activated carbon adsorption apparatus was attached to the air venting valve and the valve was opened. Immediately, 10 liter of each fuel was supplied from the fuel supply port. After 5 minutes of the fuel supply, while the air releasing valve being opened and kept as it was, the vapor was absorbed in the activated carbon and after that, the weight increase of the activated carbon was measured. Incidentally, the test was carried out at a constant temperature of 25° C.

[0099] Storage Stability Test

[0100] A pressure resistant closed container was filled with each fuel and oxygen, heated to 100° C. and while the temperature being kept as it was, the container was kept still for 24 hours. Evaluation was carried out according to “Petroleum products—Motor gasoline and aviation fuels—Determination of washed existent gum” defined as JIS K 2261.

[0101] The respective measured values and the calculated values are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Evaluation results EX. 1 EX. 2 EX. 3 EX. 4 Electric power generation by steam reforming method (reforming temperature = optimum reforming temperature 1)) Optimum ° C. 670 670 680 680 reforming temperature Electric energy kJ/fuel kg initial performance 29850 30150 29200 28860 100 hours later 29820 30130 28800 28780 performance 100 hours later 0.10% 0.07% 1.37% 0.28% deterioration ratio Thermal efficiency 2) initial performance 68%  68%  67%  67%  CO₂ generation kg/fuel kg initial performance 3.098 3.074 3.151 3.178 Energy per CO₂ KJ/CO₂-kg initial performance 9634 9808 9266 9081 Preheating energy kJ/fuel kg 1341 1376 1309 1288 3) Preheating energy 4.5% 4.6% 4.5% 4.5% ratio 4) Electric power generation by partial oxidation reforming method (reforming temperature 1100° C.) Electric energy kJ/fuel kg initial performance 14380 14810 13470 13000 100 hours later 14370 14800 13350 12970 performance 100 hours later 0.07% 0.07% 0.89% 0.23% deterioration ratio Thermal efficiency 2) initial performance 33%  33%  31%  30%  CO₂ generation kg/fuel kg initial performance 3.101 3.075 3.152 3.180 Energy per CO₂ KJ/CO₂-kg initial performance 4637 4816 4273 4088 Preheating energy kJ/fuel kg 1988 2056 1919 1874 3) Preheating energy 13.8% 13.9% 14.2% 14.4% ratio 4) Evaporative gas test Evaporative gas g/test 7.5 7.8 6.1 8.1 Storage stability test Washed existent gum mg/100 ml 1 1 2 3 Comp. EX. 5 EX. 6 EX. 7 Ex. 1 Electric power generation by steam reforming method (reforming temperature = optimum reforming temperature 1)) Optimum ° C. 680 680 670 720 reforming Electric energy kJ/fuel kg initial performance 29300 28780 29840 26290 100 hours later 29150 28750 29820 24910 performance 100 hours later 0.51% 0.10% 0.07% 5.25% deterioration ratio Thermal efficiency 2) initial performance 67%  67%  68%  64%  CO₂ generation kg/fuel kg initial performance 3.146 3.185 3.099 3.294 Energy per CO₂ KJ/CO₂-kg initial performance 9313 9036 9631 7981 Preheating energy kJ/fuel kg 1310 1286 1359 1174 3) Preheating energy 4.5% 4.5% 4.6% 4.5% ratio 4) Electric power generation by partial oxidation reforming method (reforming temperature 1100° C.) Electric energy kJ/fuel kg initial performance 13550 12880 14380 10540 100 hours later 13500 12860 14370 10010 performance 100 hours later 0.37% 0.16% 0.07% 5.03% deterioration ratio Thermal efficiency 2) initial performance 31%  30%  33%  26%  CO₂ generation kg/fuel kg initial performance 3.147 3.186 3.100 3.199 Energy per CO₂ KJ/CO₂-kg initial performance 4306 4043 4639 3295 Preheating energy 3) kJ/fuel kg 1936 1866 1986 1637 Preheating energy 14.3% 14.5% 13.8% 15.5% ratio 4) Evaporative gas test Evaporative gas g/test 6.5 8.0 3.8 1.9 Storage stability test Washed existent gum mg/100 ml 2 1 1 2

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0102] As described above, a fuel for a fuel cell system of the invention containing hydrocarbon compounds with specific distillation properties has performances with small deterioration and can provide high output of electric energy and other than that, the fuel can satisfy a variety of performances for a fuel cell system. 

1. A fuel for use in a fuel cell system, wherein said fuel has distillation properties; the initial boiling point in distillation of 24° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower, the 10 vol. % distillation temperature of 35° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower, the 90 vol. % distillation temperature of 100° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower, and the final boiling point in distillation of 130° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower.
 2. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein a content of hydrocarbon compounds having 4 carbon atoms is 15 vol. % or less, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having 5 carbon atoms is 5 vol. % or more, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having 6 carbon atoms is 10 vol. % or more, a content of hydrocarbon compounds having 7 and 8 carbon atoms in total is 20 vol. % or more, and a content of hydrocarbon compounds having 10 or more carbon atoms is 20 vol. % or less.
 3. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein a sulfur content is 50 ppm by mass or less.
 4. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein saturates are 30 vol. % or more.
 5. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein olefins are 35 vol. % or less.
 6. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein aromatics are 50 vol. % or less.
 7. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a ratio of paraffins in saturates is 60 vol. % or more.
 8. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a ratio of branched paraffins in paraffins is 30 vol. % or more.
 9. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein heat capacity of the fuel is 2.6 kJ/kg° C. or less at 15° C. and 1 atm in liquid phase.
 10. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein heat of vaporization of the fuel is 400 kJ/kg or less.
 11. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein Reid vapor pressure of the fuel is 10 kPa or more and less than 100 kPa.
 12. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein research octane number of the fuel is 101.0 or less.
 13. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein oxidation stability of the fuel is 240 minutes or longer.
 14. A fuel for a fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein density of the fuel is 0.78 g/cm³ or less. 